Models of Implementing the Change

The outcome of globalization is evident in the opening of various markets. In many organizations, this has created an opportunity to expand operations by tapping into new markets. This means that an entity has to re-evaluate its strategies, policies, goals and work force. Thus, change is unavoidable (Riley, 2006). Amongst the work force, change is associated with uncertainty, necessitating the need to enhance management.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Models of Implementing the Change specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Various scholars have developed different methods to implement and manage change. Despite the resources committed efforts and personnel attempts to implement change result in failure. The discussion below highlights various models that aid in implementing change, diagnostic instruments and organizational change interventions. Change implementation model Lewin-Schein model Lewin initially studied the societal and psychosomatic aspects of people by hypothesizing a three-stage conjecture of how to execute various changes in an organization. Lewin model acknowledges the imperative role played by the behavioural nature of human beings in the work place. The three steps included; â€Å"unfreezing, moving and refreezing† (Schein, 1995). Unfreezing Unfreezing is the initial stage towards change implementation. Its overall goal is to create goodwill and acceptance for the pending changes. Change creates uncertainty among the workers and this stage serves as an appropriate avenue to communicate the intended transformation. The management should engage the workers and request for their contribution on impending changes (Schein, 1995). Moving Organizational changes involve overhaul of many organizational procedures and implementation of new policies. This stage’s sole objective is to equip staff members with the necessary skill to enable them work under the new procedures. S eminars and refresher courses facilitate fostering of novel policies to the staff (Schein, 1995). Refreezing The new system implemented will be the day-to-day routine of the workers. This stage prevents workers from resuming to their old routine. In essence, it facilitates the internalisation and institutionalisation of new procedures. Entirely, refreezing results in stability (Schein, 1995). Pros and cons Lewin model prioritizes informing employees about the forthcoming changes this enables implementation with minimal hitches. The main disadvantage of this model is that most organizations spent too much resources and effort on the initial stage, influencing negatively on the overall implementation process (Schein, 1995).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Kotter’s phased change model Kotter is a specialist in changes and is instrumental to the â€Å"Harvard Business Sc hool†. He made it his objective to study change in the corporate world. Kotter admits that implementation of change is a pain taking process that consumes a significant proportion of time. In his investigation, he found out that the implementation could be disintegrated into eight distinct steps. Establish sense of urgency The need for change becomes evident when the organization becomes susceptible to financial woes or loss of market share. Creation of urgency that will necessitate sufficient action is an off-putting task. Consultants may come handy in such an event (Coutts 2000). Powerful guiding coalition In most cases change begins with an individual, it then grows when significant proportion of people embrace it. This is a decisive juncture since it enables change to gather impetus. Leaders who champion for change assist in rallying other staff members (Coutts 2000). Creating a vision A vision is an illustration of what the future will be. It clarifies to followers which direction the organization will take. Vision sets the stage to attract followers and sparks passion among members for change (Coutts 2000). It equally, sets the platform for the subsequent processes. Communicating vision The leaders should make an estimate of their following and set up appropriate communication means. This enables the followers to understand, commit and value the vision. This model identifies that failure to converse the vision will likely lead to letdown (Coutts 2000). Enabling others to act in the vision The management should eliminate all obstacles that hinder the workers from working as per the new vision. In this stage, workers ought to receive training that will enable them to have adequate skills to work under new procedures (Coutts, 2000). Failure to enhance such a stage culminates in dissatisfaction in the subsequent processes. Short-term results Worker are human by nature, and will look forward to seeing immediate results therefore management will be hard pressed to deliver short-term results. Change is a lengthy process and the management should generate shot-term results and at the same time remain focused on the long-term goals (Coutts 2000).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Models of Implementing the Change specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Consolidate gains and keep the momentum going This stage seeks to assert that implementation of change is a slow process and the management should not declare success in overhauling its policy. However, it should embark on consolidating achievements made. The management should cautiously assess progress made and give a critical picture rather than create euphoria that will reduce motivation to pursue change (Coutts, 2000). Institutionalize new business practices Members of the work force should routinely perform the fresh procedures. This is because they are the new norms of the business. At this stage, the management is aim ing at entrenching the new practices into the culture of the organization (Coutts, 2000). Pros and cons The model clearly breaks down what is to be done at each stage and acknowledges that change implementation is a lengthy process that should be allocated ample time. It also identifies that leader have a key role to play in steering the implementation of change. The use of this model would mean that that the implementation would drag on for considerable time and need a significant amount of resources (Coutts, 2000). Organizational change intervention Strategic plan A strategic plan encompasses the definition of what the company wants to achieve in future. It equally entails the allotment of necessary recourses and personnel. Moreover, it ensures that the efforts and the resources of an organization are channelled towards achieving the identified goals. Traditionally, strategic planning was the preserve of the top administration but in the current business environment the management has to seek the ideas of all workers and make them part of the plan. The top management has to lead this process by clearly giving their plans to help the company achieve its objectives. Such interventions focus on collecting ideas from workers, brainstorming, carrying out feasibility studies, developing tactics, coining an overall plan and finally communicating the strategies (Beitler, 2005).  Most organization fail to develop strategic plans as the business environment changes rapidly, in effect results to turmoil in the organization. Most organizations are market driven and should set up a plan that clearly focuses on how to maintain and expand market share. For strategic plan to be effective as an intervention, then each level of the entity must have a plan. Strategic planning main strengths lie in the ability to centre the resources of an organization towards achieving specific goals.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, it collects ideas from most employees making them part of the development of the strategic plan. The major undoing of this form of interventions is where a poor plan is developed, that becomes obsolete within no time. To set up a quality plan, requires some form of expertise (Beitler, 2005). Restructuring An executive structure defines the company flow of authority. It undoubtedly sets out the corporation hierarchy. A company structure provides the needed labour to achieve the goals under the strategic plan. To achieve the objectives, a suitable and proficient flow of authority is necessary. To eliminate bureaucracy, the different positions must have clearly defined tasks. The aim of this intervention is to give the organization the appropriate structure to achieve its goals. Due to the rapidly altering commerce environment, the organization must constantly review its structure by â€Å"business process re-engineering†, which is the fundamental re-thinking of how an entity delivers its products (Beitler, 2005). An organization must choose a structure that best suits it. Examples of these structures include matrix based, process based and product based. Organization with branches should prefer a network kind of structure while those multiple products should institute a product based structure. The main undoing of restructuring as an intervention is that it keeps shifting worker to various positions thus they never settle at their work place. Its strength is that it maintains the needed work force hence an efficient organization. Overall, this intervention recreates and re-defines the organization structure so that is relevant to the organizations’ industry, product portfolio, and client base (Beitler, 2005). Diagnostic instruments Vision For change to flourish, the pioneers of the change must provide a vivid picture of the transformations they wish to institute. The transformations serve as the vision, and sparks enthusiasm to pursue transformation. The vision acts as a guide and a measure of the progress made in instituting various changes. For this diagnostic instrument to be successful, the vision must be elaborate and put together after wide consultations with the employee and the management on the issues that need to be changed. The people at the helm must practice what they emphasize for this instrument to be successful. Failure to communicate their properly will definitely lead to failure of vision as a diagnostic instrument. It is most effectual when the vision is well put together, communicated and appreciated by employees (Coutts, 2000). Urgency of change When individuals realise that the organization is susceptible to loss of customers or loss of credit finances, they spark into action, trying to create urgency for change. Most executives’ underestimate the difficulty in getting the populace to apprehend they need to do things differently in order to avert a looming crisis. This instrument asse sses the clamour for change among the employee in the entity. Urgency’s main objective is to create a state of necessity for change. Creation of urgency is usually the beginning of a lengthy process of enacting change in an entity (Coutts, 2000). References Beitler, M. (2005). A practitioner’s guide for change leaders and consultation. Web. Coutts, P. (2000).  John Kotter on Leading Change. Web. Riley, G. (2006). Globalisation – Effects. Web. Schein, H. (1995). Kurt Lewin’s Change Theory in the Field and in the. Web. This essay on Models of Implementing the Change was written and submitted by user Derr1ck to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Trafalgar Company

The Trafalgar Company The organization’s mission, vision and new business strategy: For fifty- years Trafalgar Company had a very successful tradition of producing a popular consumer product. Its name and its product were synonymous in public’s mind due to its quality and strong market position. Its basic product is sold throughout the world and can be used in variety of applications.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Trafalgar Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Initially, the competition came mainly from American and Japanese companies and also from German and English producers. However, with its superb distribution system and centralised manufacturing, the competitors were not able to provide the wide range of quality product and consumer services. Now the company is facing competition from worldwide producers, the quality and price of the competitive products are threatening the company’s market position. T rafalgar’s fundamental principle was to maintain the market share, as a result demanded price adjustments, due to the current market situation. The core Mission of the company is to retain the strong market position that the company use to have before the onset of the worldwide competition by providing quality product at less than the price of the competitor and to retain the faith of its customers. The company’s vision is to provide the market with the better quality product at more affordable price than the competitors. Create an outstanding value for the customers and the stakeholders. Regularly researching and developing new and better products. Always stay ahead from the competitors. And in achieving the vision not forgetting the man force that helped in the success of the company’s Mission. For achieving this, the company has to make drastic changes in the current work practise in the company. It needs to reduce the personnel, find people who are really br ight and competent and who share the same vision. Increase productivity by developing new cost effective manufacturing methods. Earlier, each and every product was produced internally, resulting in higher cost of production. But now they have to look for suppliers and reduce its cost. They have to create a customer centric business model. They need to carry out customer-driven novelty and to be close to the customers. They also need to listen to their customers and associate with them and establish better customer value.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Impact of the new organizational model on the human resources strategy: To support the organisational goal in an effective manner, the human resource department also has to make major changes in their strategy. They should move from purely transactional role to more tactical role that is accepted, appreciated and che rished by the organization. In broad summary, the new strategy should be based on the four key themes: Transforming the way deferent departments does the business by: Integrating their activities more closely Changing the balance of work and head count Making worth appointments and helping those appointed to thrive Updating current systems and developing new and more effective ones. Clearly defining functions, accounting and measurement systems. Focusing on performance and delivery in operations. Monitoring and measuring progress by reporting system that is based on relevant and transparent performance indicators. Taking the unique business and support role the departments have with the company to a higher level and occupying the logical and influential high ground in humanitarian diplomacy (Human Resource Management Strategy, n.d., Para 3) People are the company’s primary asset and the company’s directive can only be realised through the ability, zeal and dedica tion of its staff. The HR practices need to be improved in how to recruit and develop staff; the working conditions the company offers; and the manner in which they readily embrace the fundamental principles and humanitarian values of the company. ((Human Resource Management Strategy, n.d., Para 5) The HR department should make sure that all appointees should go through intensive induction and training in the company. It should recruit, place and develop high quality international managers. HR department should ensure that the salaries and benefits remain competitive for this purpose benchmarking exercise should be carried out from time to time (Human Resource Management Strategy, n.d., Para 6). HR department should have strong and innovative systems, procedure and practices that should be fair, comprehensive and transparent.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Trafalgar Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Desi gn a staffing strategy that will meet the needs of the organizations changing work environment: Strategic staffing is the process of knowing and dealing with the staffing implications of business plans and strategies. Following are some tactics to be followed for staffing which will be suitable in the company’s changing work environment (Bechet, n.d., Para 2): Classify the number and types of employees who are required to execute such plans effectively. Knowing about the staffing resources which are currently available. Analyzing the supply of talent which will be available at that point when requirements have been defined as retirements, planned movement etc. Recognising difference between damand and supply. Creating and executing staffing plans which are helpful to remove talent gaps and reduce extras. Implementing more pragmatic approaches to strategic staffing can give high quality results that organizations need (Bechet, n.d., Para 8).Following are some more ways to im prove the strategic staffing process: Staffing should not be considered from an implementation perspective. It is also a planning perspective (Bechet, n.d., Para 11). Orgnisations feel that plans should be created for each and every unit but this should not be the case rather focus should be only on those areas where strategies are really required (Bechet, n.d., Para 12 13). If each unit is said to provide the same information regarding staffing where common template is being used, at the same time, in the same year, then it brings consistency to the approach. Keeping this in mind, the HR staffing manager should tailor the process for each issue (Bechet, n.d., Para 17). The HR staffing manager should focus on a particular position not all positions. Generally some organisations try to develop staffing strategies which include all jobs though every job does not require to be dealt with from a strategic perspective. While applying such strategy the organisation needs to be proactive and it also needs time to respond (Bechet, n.d., Para 19). While creating staffing strategies, the plans should be kept separate and distinctive. The HR staffing manager should create plans which are at the same level as the company’s problem solution (Bechet, n.d., Para 24). The HR staffing manager should define the staffing implications when there is any change expected (Bechet, n.d., Para 28). His focus should be on planning not reporting (Bechet, n.d., Para 30). Whatever data exists should be used fully (Bechet, n.d., Para 37). Reference List Bechet, TP. Developing Staffing StrategiesThat Work: Implementing Pragmatic, Nontraditional Approaches. Retrieved from http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/UN/UNPAN021815.pdf Human resource management strategy. International Federation of Red Cross and Red  Crescent Societies. Retrieved from https://www.ifrc.org/docs/appeals/annual10/MAA0003410p.pdf

Eyewitness error Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Eyewitness error - Assignment Example Since, the attained information is either inadequate or poorly collected whereby those who facilitate the entire process before litigation commences present questions to the interviewee towards a certain direction when interrogating eyewitnesses (Wise, Dauphinais & Safer, 2007). This prompts eyewitnesses to err while delivering the essential information meant to help judges and those arbitrating the case impose unnecessary charges on the defendant (Tillman v. State, 2011). Therefore, information collection as well as representation during ligation process ought to consider proper legislative process, which this study seeks to present based on certain given cases (Kenneth Adams v. State, 1993). Mainly, this legislative action entails eliminating eyewitness errors coupled with considering essential issues that characterize criminal cases, for instance, crime control and due process (Wise, Dauphinais & Safer, 2007). To eliminate eyewitness errors, legal system ought to adopt the most ef fective method meant to extract the required information. This will ensure the convicted serve just sentences. In addition, it will ensure the entire process observes the involved parties’ rights, which the law dictates despite their role pertaining to the case. Therefore, this entails utilizing proficient officers to interrogate eyewitness and not excluding the service of eyewitness experts, for instance, psychologists (Tillman v. State, 2011). However, psychologists ought to be proficient in their field to the extent of being able to proffer the required information based on reliable scientific background and pertinent to the case supposed to undergo litigation process (Tillman v. State, 2011). In my opinion, the best solution or approach in eliminating numerous eyewitness errors that characterize litigation process is by employing Tripartite solution (Wise, Dauphinais & Safer, 2007). In this solution, the initial step entails considering eyewitness’ testimony during the litigation process, which is also supported in the Tillman v. State case (Tillman v. State, 2011). Since, this enables the jury and those arbitrating cases to understand essential facts that may be difficult especially in the field judges are not conversant with, for instance, psychology (Martire & Kemp, 2009). Therefore, the eyewitness expert ought to be capable of proffering adequate information coupled with being proficient in the field, which will help him or her deliver reliable and pertinent informatio, hence deliver information or essential facts regarding the eyewitness from psychological perspective which may pose a task especially to the law enforcement officers. This is evident in Tillman v. State’s case though Dr. Malpass failed to present clear and convincing facts intended to prove the testimony he claimed to have a strong scientific base and be pertinent to the case (Tillman v. State, 2011). Therefore, to ensure reliability of any information by eyewitness expert, the proponent ought to prove his or her (1) expertise employed is legitimate, (2) testimony lies within the required scope, and (3) uses the field’s principles (Tillman v. State, 2011). The second step entails adopting effective procedures when extracting the required information to act as eyewitness evidence (Wise, Dauphinais & Safer, 2007). This is via employing scientifically proven procedures that will not only encourage the eyewitness to deliver the

The Effects of Temp & PH on Enzymes Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Effects of Temp & PH on Enzymes - Lab Report Example The activity of enzymes is highly affected by changes in pH and temperature and as such each enzyme works best at a given pH and temperature (Jencks, 1987). Changes in pH alter the state of ionization of charged amino acids that may play a crucial role in substrate binding and/or the catalytic action itself. Similarly, hydrogen bonds are easily disrupted by increasing temperature which disrupts the shape of the enzyme such that its affinity for its substrate diminishes (Groves, 1997). In this experiment, each group of four students was provided with a tube of concentrated -amylase that was labeled A, B or C. The tube with enzyme was kept on ice. Each group performed part 1 and 2 of the experiment. First, -amylase preparation C was recorded and then one test tube was labeled "blank" and five others as 40C, 230C, 370C, 650C and 1000C. 1ml of 1% starch solution at pH 7 was added to each test tube, whereby the starch was the substrate for the reaction. Each tube was placed in a water bath that was set as one of the indicated temperatures. The blank and the 230C were placed at room temperatures while the 40C on ice. All the tubes were allowed to equilibrate to the desired temperatures for ten minutes. A fresh dilution of the unknown -amylase was made by mixing 100l of the concentrated enzyme stock with 9.9 of dH20 shaking to mix. The stock and the diluted solutions were kept on ice. All the tubes were retrieved after 10 minutes of pre- incubation step. 1ml of dH20 was added to the blank tube only. To the other five tubes, a timer

Chipolte External Factor Evaluation Essay Example for Free

Chipolte External Factor Evaluation Essay Analysis of the External Environment Within the fast casual segment, there are certain external trends and forces that Chipolte must address. Some of these trends and forces can lend themselves to being opportunistic in nature; however there are some that can threaten the well-being of the restaurant. The success of a company ultimately depends upon how well it can use its strengths to take advantage of external trends. By utilizing an External Factor Evaluation Matrix (EFE) a company’s chief strategist can analyze and determine crucial external opportunities and threats important to the future of their organization. Another growing trend that the fast casual industry can capitalize on is the growing health trends among consumers. More and more people are becoming aware of the foods that they consume and are making strides to eat healthier. In fact, according to a recent survey by the National Restaurant Association, 19% of all customers are actively seeking out healthy alternatives when dining out (franchisedirect.com, 2011). This is a direct result of obesity rates constantly rising in the United States. Furthermore, several restaurants competing in the fast casual sector have made conscious efforts to offer rather healthy meals to their customers. Certainly, realizing that customers are seeking out healthy options when dining out will prompt the industry to enjoy much success in the coming years. A third trend is the expanding interest in, and availability of, organic food ingredients. Several restaurant chains have dedicated their mission and vision statements to seek out the finest ingredients. It is no secret that many fast food chains use cheap ingredients that even compromise the nutritional value of the food it serves. However, several fast casual chains refuse to compromise the integrity of the ingredients used in its menu options. The use of produce that comes from sustainable practices is becoming more and more important to customers after so much light has been shed on how animals are treated before being used for food. This has even  prompted many chains to purchase pro duce from locally-owned organic food producers. In fact, according to the National Restaurant Association, 70% of adults say they are more likely to visit a restaurant that offers locally produced food items (franchisedirect.com, 2011). The recent advances in technology have also enabled various restaurants to offer customers a more customizable way to order food. There are currently applications that allow customers to order food via their smartphone. Capitalizing on an idea from pizza parlors, fast casual restaurants also allow customers to order food online and specify a particular time for pick up. As these restaurants offer its customers more ways to place an order, the business can maintain a larger propensity for growth as ordering food becomes more convenient. The fast casual segment has also begun to enter into the construction of sustainable restaurant designs. Currently, there are numerous initiatives for developing LEED and other sustainable buildings. These buildings are very environmentally friendly, and offer advant ages to the communities that they are erected within. At the head of this curve is Chipotle, which has received the first certifications for LEED-designed restaurants (fastcasual.com, 2008). Using sustainable buildings to house its restaurants is not only advantageous because it would appeal to customers, but there are also other governmental incentives in the form of tax credits and deductions (irs.gov, 2011). Thus, not only are sustainable buildings great for attracting and maintaining new customers, but it also makes great business sense too. Diversification of food concepts is a tremendous way to attract a wider audience with a differentiated taste. As the fast casual segment continues to grow and prosper, the companies competing can afford to implement spinoffs much in the same way as the giants of the fast food industry have done through the years. Many of the key players within the industry attract a customer with a specific taste profile. As these restaurants continue to expand and grow, they too can spinoff another brand of restaurant with a differentiated menu. Accompanying the numerous opportunities to the segment, there are also several existing threats that must be navigated in order to remain successful. The first of these potential threats pertains to rising food prices. The fast casual segment must especially take note of this because it already uses the highest quality ingredients which lead to higher costs. However, if food prices  continue to rise, the industry would be forced to either cut costs or raise the prices on its menu. This is a very touchy subject as the restaurants within the segment cannot afford to raise prices too high without facing adverse effects to its normal business operations. The ease of entry into the market is also another threat that the organization must combat. Although fast casual restaurants offer a distinct experience for consumers, its products are not necessarily revolutionary by any means. This leaves them somewhat vulnerable to competitors to enter the market and attack the brand; especially given the low startup costs for restaurants. However, with adequate marketing and utmost customer satisfaction, these restaurants can maintain their customer base and thwart any potential competitors. Increasingly inclement weather and the apparent increasing threat of natural disasters always remains a possible hardship. This would cause food shortages and a st eep rise on the price of ingredients. This makes it absolutely necessary for organizations to diversify their distributors to different parts of the U.S. in order to prevent catastrophic shortages. This way, if a flood destroys the supply of one supplier in an area, the restaurant can use another supplier elsewhere in order to maintain adequate distribution to its restaurants. The threat of recessions also can be a harmful blight to the segment’s success. Economic downturns often affect most businesses in negative ways and the fast casual segment is not protected from such an event. Although it did enjoy moderate growth and prosperity through the most recent recession, the segments growth was stunted a bit, as was the case for a majority of industries. However, restaurants were steadfast in maintaining prices and a quality experience and customers continued to support the food segment. The threat of consumers’ taste preferences changing is always of concern. Although most people are creatures of habit, diff erentiation of taste preferences can change, leaving the restaurant vulnerable. Knowing this, it is crucial that restaurants constantly improve upon food quality and the dining experience. Doing so will keep the entire experience â€Å"fresh† and entice the customer to come back. One of the obstacles in restaurants expanding into different areas that most do not realize, is the fact that there are often difficulties in acquiring the necessary agreements to open new stores (Chipotle 10-k, 2011). These consist of building permits if the company is  looking to build a brand new fixture for the new restaurant, to lease agreements for current buildings. Different cities have different zoning and ordinance codes, making the decision to rent a preexisting space a plausible alternative. However, the restaurant management typically has a target number of what it wants to pay on a monthly basis. Often, there can be a discrepancy between what management feels is fair and what the lessor feels is fair. This can hinder the expansion rate of a restaurant until both parties come to grips on fair terms of a lease agreement. It is important that fast casual organizations constantly analyze opportunities and threats that are presented outside of the organization. If companies do not exploit its advantages within the market, it cannot grow at a pace that it should be. On the other hand, if it does not properly navigate and combat the external threats presented, it will surely not be in business for the long term capacity which is often hoped. Thus, an EFE is extremely important in developing and maintaining a successful business. Works Cited David, Fred R. Strategic Management Concepts: A Competitive Advantage Approach. Boston: Pearson, 2013. Print.

The Development History Of Tourism

The Development History Of Tourism Tourism industry is one of the largest industries worldwide. It has become a growing industry in recent years. Many countries in the world are blessed with natural beauty while many have developed infrastructure on their own. In fact many countries are getting major portion of their revenues from the tourism industry, so it is considerable as a main source of income for those and it creates income through the consumption of products and services by tourists. It wields economic importance, with hundreds of millions of travelers around the world each year, although it has a responsible in environment, it may lead to habitat destruction, waste and pollution. Global tourism industry came through the stages of time and it has improved for decades, and it has a massive impact on economy, environment and society. According to (Holloway, J, C. Humphreys, C and Davidson, R. 2009), tourism is a shape of pastime performed over a period for enjoyment, and it can define when people move from place to another place. The World Tourism Organization (1999) defined that tourism is also collection of activities, services in terms of leisure, including transportation, accommodation, and others up to a year. The development history of tourism In the nineteenth century Global tourism industry has a large been improving since the nineteen century, when the earliest travellers were walking or riding domesticated animals. The invention of technology has provided new modes of transportation and increased individuals opportunities to travel. Because of roads are improved and governments stabilised, interest in travelling rose for studying, sightseeing and religion purposes. More than 100 years ago the introduction of turnpike roads, roads on which a tolls were charged, allowed to buses hold up to 14 travellers for 40 miles distance over 24 hours. For example, a trip from London to Bath was account for about 72 hours, whereas the 400 miles to Edinburgh took completely 10 days (Holloway, J, C. Humphreys, C and Davidson, R. 2009). Between the middle of twentieth and twenty first century Since the World War II, travellers have grown up and let them to move abroad, despite the fact that the ability to do that was restricted by political conditions and insufficient funds. Furthermore, travel business changed due to the advance in airplane technology which led to grow commercial flight industry (Holloway, J, C. Humphreys, C and Davidson, R. 2009).Modern technology played an important role on transforming people for living, working and tourism. As a consequence, it gave more spare time, intensified communications and originated many effective approaches of conveying (WTO. 1999). The influence of computers and the internet has shown on tourism as customers can now search about holiday destinations, travel companies comparison and booking online (Holloway, J, C. Humphreys, C and Davidson, R. 2009). The economic impact of tourism According to (Holloway, J, C. Humphreys, C and Davidson, R. 2009), while tourism industry may cause many economic pros, there are also some advantages for those nations. Global tourism is an $8 trillion industry. This means one of largest important industries in the world is tourism industry, it therefore has great importance for several countries attempt to obtain a share of this $8 trillion. 9.9 per cent of global GDP (gross domestic product) was global tourism industry. Moreover, it was predicted that it would bring about 240 million jobs worldwide, representing almost 8.5% of total occupations. The world organisation tourism reported that in January 2007, international tourist arrivals reached to 842 million in 2006, compared to 553 million in 1994, and they are expected to reach 1.6 billion by 2020, while receipts was $354 billion in 1994 and it almost doubled by 2006, that means there a considerable rise just over a period of 10 years for both arrivals and receipts, (WOT.2007). Worlds Top 10 Tourism Earners, 2005 Based On Tourism Receipts ($ US Billions) France 76.0 United States $81.7 Spain 55.6 Spain $47.9 United States 49.4 France $42.2 China 46.8 Italy $35.4 Italy 36.5 United Kingdom $30.7 United Kingdom 30.0 China $29.3 Mexico 21.9 Germany $29.2 Germany 21.5 Turkey $13.2 Turkey 20.3 Austria $15.5 Austria 19.9 Greece $13.7 Source: World Tourism Organization (WTO.2007). Source: World Tourism Organization (WTO.2007). While there several factors that encourage human to travel abroad, the most significant one is cost compared to their income. Since growth demand led the prices to decline, also transport and accommodation costs falling for every extra person reserved. In other words, there is a strong relationship between price, cost and demand. As a result, it can lead to competition of tourism industry between nations. In recent years, many countries or cities have become depend on flow of tourists or nearly completely dependent on tourism such as Dubai receives a large proportion of revenue from the tourism, with approximately %70 of its revenue. They are known as destinations or receiving areas, and the areas which tourists move to these destinations are known as produced areas. The destination, however, can be a specific resort, town or even a huge area of global. The destinations are financed by transforming tourists` money, this means these areas will undoubtedly make a profit, and the revers e is true for those generating areas. Furthermore, there are many aspects can be affected by the flow of tourists from produced to receiving areas such as income, employment and investment and development (Holloway, J, C. Humphreys, C and Davidson, R. 2009). The environmental impact of tourism According to (Wall, G and Mathieson, A.2006), the history of tourism undoubtedly point out that the tourism was birth and progressed by contributing of environmental factors. The Places which are blessed with natural beauty and pleasant landscape and skyscraper features have had a major impact on particular locations or regions. However, tourism can have a negative impact on environment such as excessive building like roads and hotels, destroys natural habitats. It can also create pollution and waste, as a result, the city or region no doubt will be polluted by smog around it. Furthermore, it puts pressure on local resources such as food , water and energy supplies. (Holloway, J, C. Humphreys, C and Davidson, R. 2009) said that the use of transportation particularly by airplanes are double fuel-efficient than they were 30 years ago. Air travel was account for 9% of global warming in 2004. In Britain, for example, the figure of travellers inside and outside of the UK would increase from 180 million in 2003 to half a billion by 2030, whereas the responsibility of flying aircraft will be almost 67% of all the UKs greenhouse emissions in 2050. A large proportion of the oil purchased in the world is just for leisure uses. In addition, all transportation forms of road, sea and air can annoy on the quiet resort by increasing noise levels, whether in rural districts or in living areas. Both local people and tourists especially who are near of busy airports greatly would be in worry by making anxious from airplanes taking off and landing. The cultural and social impact of tourism Sociocultural impacts are consequences of specific types of relationships that happen between tourists and hosts due to their coming into contact. Tourists can experience different customs and cultural such as sight-seeing, sunbathing and testing new cuisine. It would open our minds as well as it can broaden our horizons. However, when foreign people come to the tourist city they surely will affect on local people. Therefore, the local people will forget their own culture. Another drawback for tourism industry is raising prices, even though citizens salaries are constant the prices rise when the city receives the tourists especially in restaurants, transportation, and fundamental requirements. Furthermore, the government would focus on tourism .Thus it will ignore facilities and needs of local region. In addition to this, crimes rate usually increase in tourist cities. Moreover, local traditions may be lost like traditional jobs and skills would die out such as farming and fishing (W all, G and Mathieson, A.2006). When using of culture as a tourist attraction can lead to risen support for traditional cultures and would display identity of ethnic .What is more, direct contact between residents and tourists probably would remove negative stereotypes, as a result, it will increase social opportunities. Another benefit of sociocultural impact of tourism is that encourage competition for tourist business and improve standard of living for hosts and income undoubtedly will rise for those as well (WTO. 1999). Conclusion The historic of tourism has a great importance throughout the world for ages, despite the fact that the drawbacks which faced global tourism industry. Tourism provided numerous benefits for destinations, hosts communities and travellers, although its few negative effects. It has become link between them and it made the world as one village. The predictions of global tourism after it entered a new millennium look set to continue growing up and greater importance in the world economy, even though it faces several challenges. The Brainy Quote was definition the immigration and said that The act of immigrating; the passing or coming into a country for the purpose of permanent residence. That means is anyone who left his country and went to another country to live there and find a job. Immigration is one of the ways to develop and change a lot of culture in any country in the world. Since World War II several changes have occurred in the United Kingdom, and immigration has been one of the major events. Many newcomers have come from all parts of the world; the majority came from Ireland, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Germany, Africa and the West Indies. Because World War II destroyed many cities in Britain, the British government allowed people to live and work in Britain without a visa. Post-war immigrants have affected the English way of life. In addition, they have changed other parts of popular culture (Panikos, 1999). The impact of immigration on the economy can be seen in many ways. The British economy grew after World War II because many immigrants found themselves in new employment. Britain needed these immigrants to work in the factories and replace the men who died in World War II (House of Lords, 2008). The next section looks at the impact of migration after World War II in Britain, and focuses on the economic prospects and cultural effects of it. The post-war period from 1945 to 1970 was important for immigration into Britain .At the same time many British people were migrating to neighbouring countries such as Australia and Canada. Many blacks from the West Indies came to live in the United Kingdom. More than 400 people arrived in 1948; they were the first major group of Caribbean immigrants. Moreover, by 1970 more than 60,000 immigrants had come from India, the majority of whom settled in London, Liverpool and Cardiff and got different kinds of job (Panikos, 1999). In addition, many people from Pakistan, Ireland and Bangladesh found work and new homes in different cities, for instance Manchester, Bradford and Leicester. By the late 1970s, non-white people had become a familiar sight in most big cities like London and Nottingham. The early WWII decades during which the majority of people from the West Indies who made their way to Britain gained a pretty image of the country played an important role in the decision of many African-Caribbeans to come to the UK (Gourvish and ODay, 1992). Since 1945 important developments have occurred in the occupational structure of black and Asian immigrant groups notwithstanding their continued and pronounced working-class character (Gourvish and ODay, 1992, p. 215). The first group of blacks to get a job consisted of about 120 men and 20 women. They worked with the London transport service, on buses and the underground railway system. At the same time many Irish people moved to Great Britain, the majority of them staying in inner city areas. Some people, for instance Germans, did not concentrate their numbers in poor areas, but moved out to the suburbs (Panikos, 1999). The Home Office papers technical annex defines immigrants as foreign born population and UK born dependent children à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ It continues by saying that, under this assumption, immigrants account for 8.4 per cent of the UK population. This is a category of about five million people. Muslim immigrants have grown remarkably since the newcomers first came after WWII .In addition, the number of Muslim buildings in Britain, according to 2008 figures is 1,500 mosques and Islamic centres, the most important Islamic centre being in Mayfair in London. Furthermore, the number of Muslims in Britain was nearly one million by some estimates in 2008 (Islammemo.cc). However, since the end of WWII Britains economic system has grown. The immigration in Britain has had significant economic effects on public services, for example on education and health. In the period between 1950 and 1973 general revenue rose significantly. Moreover, in the same period the income of a man per hour in the manufacturing industry rose more than 200 per cent. Although, following World War II, the UK had few workers and needed more to fill its many new factories, there were also a new health service that was an incentive for people to work there. Factory owners searched for new workers from countries such as Poland and Italy; however, they did not find what they wanted because other European countries were short of workers too. In the period between 1945 and 1947 more than 340,000 European newcomers came to the UK. After that, employers began looking in different countries where English was spoken and where people had worked in Britain in the previous period, for exampl e Commonwealth countries and the colonies (UK Immigration Law). Britain controlled many countries, for instance India, the Caribbean, and some countries in Africa until they became independent. A lot of men and women worked in factories to produce equipment and some of them were soldiers. When the soldiers fought in Africa, the Far East and Europe, they received a higher salary than in other countries .That was one of the reasons why people chose to stay and work in Britain. The situation did not last long. In 1962 the Commonwealth Immigration Law was issued to make immigration more difficult, possibly because Britain by then had enough workers (Gourvish and ODay, 1992). In addition, many Asian trades were opening up in areas with a high concentration of newcomers, generally in city centres, to help develop the city. Moreover, the large number of newcomers after World War II was important in causing house prices to rise steeply, which has been a huge problem over the last 20 years. The House of Lords (2008, p. 18) stated: Labour Force Survey data for 2006 suggest that the three most popular sectors for foreign-born workers in the UK are public administration, education and health (32%), distribution, hotels and restaurants (21%) and banking, finance and insurance (20%). Among A8 immigrants, the top sectors are distribution, hotels and restaurants (24%), manufacturing (21%) and construction (14%). (ONS, p. 50) In some sectors and regions, the share of immigrants is much higher. On the other hand, Britain has been affected by some of the culture of its immigrants. For example, the post-war arrivals brought their own style of dress. All groups from various countries bring their cultures with them. The Indians brought their food and clothes; the Caribbeans brought their festivals and carnivals; and the Muslims brought the Islamic religion. An important point is that Britain is one of the few countries in the world in which people are allowed to do this, meaning that it is a free country. This was the most important reason why newcomers came to live in Great Britain. More clearly, the impact of immigrants and their generations after World War II became more pronounced than it was before the war, especially in terms of popular music, sport and media. In addition, the Germans have been credited with the spread of classical music throughout the nineteenth century. A lot of immigrants live in rural towns so that they can practise their religion and build churches and temples. Religion has played an important role in differentiating between one category and another. For example, the Asian community has more than one religion, the most important of them being Islam, Sikhism and Hinduism (Panikos, 1999). To sum up, newcomers after World War II have supported progress and helped to rebuild the infrastructure and public services in the United Kingdom. Moreover, immigration has made a significant improvement to the economic system in Britain since 1945, particularly between 1950 and 1970. Immigrants who live in rural areas have nevertheless helped to develop the cities, because they work and bring their trades with them. In addition, factories saw an increase in the number of workers and raised peoples income as well. Britain has been affected by the culture of immigrants from different countries. However, the most impact has been the religious one, because each group has brought their religion with them. Give a brief outline of the pattern of immigration to Britain since WWII and discuss is impact on British economy and culture. Support your views with clear relevant examples Since the Second World War the immigration has been one of the solutions to reconstruct and improve the United Kingdom from the weak economic situation and devastation that happened in that time . In that period of time the Second World War breakdown most of Britain cities, especially the infrastructure and caused many damages to the ecosystem and even to citizens emotions. It is definitely that the United Kingdom won the Second World War, however the country found itself in a bad economic situation. Moreover they took their in cheap workers from its colonies to help reconstruct the country. Although, the Oxford Dictionary defines immigration as To move to live permanently in a foreign country. These people have to work and act within community to give a basic quality of life. That played a important role in developing the UK. Basically the cities were rebuilt and became better than they were before the war. However, in this assignment, the economic situation will be examined. Then h ow Britain dealt with this devastation and what were the advantages of immigration will be included. Finally, I will look at how immigration has impact on the British community. The Second World War made many British citizens migrated to different countries in the world such as USA and Australia , however that was offset by a massive number of Immigrants who came to the United Kingdom. The Afro-Caribbean from the West India was the first group who migrated to the UK . In addition, there were many people migrated to Britain that escape religious persecution and civil war (Foreign Commonwealth Office reported). for example from 1947 Pakistanis , Indians and Bangladeshis from 1971 . Furthermore, one of the main reasons that made migrants move to the UK which is political persecution and racial discrimination. When the Caribbean immigrants arrived to the United King doom the government provide for them many different jobs for example manual work, health, public transport, they staying in the most of cities in Britain such as London, Bradford and B. after that Indians, Pakistanis and Bangladeshis came and they worked in factories such as cars industries and texti le factories in Huddersfield, Leeds and Yorkshire. Many refugees from East African countries who had experience in business skills they got opportunity to find jobs as doctors, chemists and lawyers or ran small businesses. In the last 1970s, it was a familiar sight to see non-white people in the biggest cities in the UK. Moreover they extended to most of Britain, North and west Midlands were those people set in huge industrial cities as Sheffield, Liverpool, Nottingham and Greater London. In 1990s in the UK there were approximately 3.3 million non-white ethnic minorities that is representing 5.9 per cent of the British people. . In 18th century the Muslims sailors came, as known lascars, those who served on British ships they started settling in the port cities such as Liverpool, Glasgow and Cardiff. In the 1950s, there were migrate of the largest Muslim communities that who came from South Asia and seating in the poor areas, the textile towns of Lancashire , and the industrial town s in the Midlands, Strathclyde also in the Yorkshire. By the late 1840 there was growth number of immigrants to Britain that especially the immigrants who came from Irish. Moreover, at that period of time other group moved to the UK escape political and refugees from Nazism. Most of the Irish people who moved to Britain were agricultural workers. Yet, the immigration influence was clear in the United Kingdom specifically on the economy. Since the Second World War the immigrants who came to the UK were looking for a higher standard of living, better jobs, good education and social safety which they missed in their countries. The United Kingdom had welcome to immigrants in that period of time because there was suffering and shortage of workers which made them accepted low wages. The immigration affected the British economy by many reasons. Firstly, there were growing up of the workers number which helps the rate of production. Secondly, the immigrants made a lot of investments which improved and supported the ecosystem. Finally, the immigrants have been assisting to reconstruct country. The House of Lords (2007 p16) said that the economic impact of immigration depends partly on immigrants length of stay in the UK. Among new immigrants in 2005, 44% said they intended to stay for 1-2 years (up from 35% in 1996), followed by 19% w ho said they intended to stay for 3-4 years, and 30% more than 4 years (down from 39% in 1996). most of employers found that migrants labour are very smart and respect the work ethic, and are more enthusiastic about work for long hours. Although , there are matters about the conditions under which many migrant workers operate. The Low Pay Commission has expressed concern that some of them may be being paid below the National Minimum Wage. In Scotland, and in the United Kingdom as a whole, the food and health sectors are dependent on migrant workers and there are significant advantages for employers to recruit migrants in those sectors that face strong competition from abroad (Craig, 2007). Moreover, migrants worker can fill the gaps in skilled labour, it has been show that by the increasing the number of new National Health Service (NHS) dentists who are migrants. Moreover, the National Health Service depend on immigrants to produce them with qualified doctors. Though the data are n ot recent, the Scottish Executive reported that, in 2000, all hospital doctors in NHS Scotland were certified outside the UK., The number of doctors have rosin in 1990 by more 12.3%,while the percentages of GPs was about the same as a decade earlier. These insure that immigrants have become an important source of supply for the health insurance system. With the growth of medical school places in the last two years, this situation looks set to being modified (House of Lords, 2007). In addition, the immigrants made the prices grow- up especially in the propriety which made it weighed heavily on the British people that made the Government tried to control it. The House of Lords (2007) said that The Prime Minister unveiled a new target of building 3 million homes by 2020. These new proprietary announced by the government following line with expectations, in that the number of households in England is predicted to increase by equivalent to almost 5 million new households. This growth is assumed because a huge figure of human beings is choosing to live alone. It is notable that the number of new families is unequal with the numbers of new houses to be built. On the other hand, the culture in the UK has been affected by large number of immigrants. Furthermore they arrivals have changed many aspects of British culture. After II W W the immigrants brought with them their won culture such as clothes. Each group had it is own traditional culture as we mention before Indian affected in the English culture with them their food .moreover Muslims involved with them their religion easily in the UK which the British culture accepted freedom of religions . That they were allowed to pray as well as they could do the Religious events freely, and they Germans brought their classic music. This shows that Britain welcomed the various civilizations, and treated with them like if they were in their countries of origin. To conclude, immigration has helped the United Kingdom for developing by rebuilding the infrastructure and other important facilities since Second World War. Furthermore, the migratory groups had the huge impact on the British economy by working in many different part of factories. The huge number of immigrants made the trade and real estate growth it is has seen a great deal with immigrants who started came to the UK. It is said that about the economic effected of immigration, the immigrants have also influenced English culture. The largest cities in the UK are activated cities. As a result, this produces a nice atmosphere for both tourists and for other people to find whatever they want. What is more immigration has played an important role in changing and constructing the United Kingdom after the Second War Wolrd to what it is look like nowadays.

Dothea Orem Self-Care Theory

Dorothea Orem's Self-Care Theory This page was last updated on February 4, 2012 INTRODUCTION †¢Theorist : Dorothea Orem (1914-2007) †¢Born 1914 in Baltimore, US †¢Earned her diploma at Providence Hospital – Washington, DC †¢1939 – BSN Ed. , Catholic University of America †¢1945 – MSN Ed. , Catholic University of America †¢She worked as a staff nurse, private duty nurse, nurse educator and administrator and nurse consultant. †¢Received honorary Doctor of Science degree in 1976. †¢Theory was first published in Nursing: Concepts of Practice in 1971, second in 1980, in 1995, and 2001.MAJOR ASSUMPTIONS †¢People should be self-reliant and responsible for their own care and others in their family needing care †¢People are distinct individuals †¢Nursing is a form of action – interaction between two or more persons †¢Successfully meeting universal and development self-care requisites is an important compon ent of primary care prevention and ill health †¢A person’s knowledge of potential health problems is necessary for promoting self-care behaviors †¢Self care and dependent care are behaviors learned within a socio-cultural context DEFINITIONS OF DOMAIN CONCEPTSNursing – is art, a helping service, and a technology †¢Actions deliberately selected and performed by nurses to help individuals or groups under their care to maintain or change conditions in themselves or their environments †¢Encompasses the patient’s perspective of health condition ,the physician’s perspective , and the nursing perspective †¢Goal of nursing – to render the patient or members of his family capable of meeting the patient’s self care needs †¢To maintain a state of health To regain normal or near normal state of health in the event of disease or injury †¢To stabilize ,control ,or minimize the effects of chronic poor health or disability Health – health and healthy are terms used to describe living things †¦ †¢It is when they are structurally and functionally whole or sound †¦ wholeness or integrity. .includes that which makes a person human,†¦operating in conjunction with physiological and psychophysiological mechanisms and a material structure and in relation to and interacting with other human beings Environment environment components are enthronement factors, enthronement elements, conditions, and developed environment Human being – has the capacity to reflect, symbolize and use symbols †¢Conceptualized as a total being with universal, developmental needs and capable of continuous self care †¢A unity that can function biologically, symbolically and socially Nursing client †¢A human being who has â€Å"health related /health derived limitations that render him incapable of continuous self care or dependent care or limitations that result in ineffective / incomple te care. A human being is the focus of nursing only when a self –care requisites exceeds self care capabilities Nursing problem †¢deficits in universal, developmental, and health derived or health related conditions Nursing process †¢a system to determine (1)why a person is under care (2)a plan for care ,(3)the implementation of care Nursing therapeutics †¢deliberate, systematic and purposeful action, OREM’S GENERAL THEORY OF NURSING Orem’s general theory of nursing in three related parts:- †¢Theory of self care Theory of self care deficit †¢Theory of nursing system A. Theory of Self Care This theory Includes: †¢Self care – practice of activities that individual initiates and perform on their own behalf in maintaining life ,health and well being †¢Self care agency – is a human ability which is â€Å"the ability for engaging in self care† -conditioned by age developmental state, life experience sociocultural orientation health and available resources †¢Therapeutic self care demand – â€Å"totality of self care actions to be performed for some uration in order to meet self care requisites by using valid methods and related sets of operations and actions† †¢Self care requisites – action directed towards provision of self care. 3 categories of self care requisites are- oUniversal self care requisites oDevelopmental self care requisites oHealth deviation self care requisites 1. Universal self care requisites †¢Associated with life processes and the maintenance of the integrity of human structure and functioning †¢Common to all , ADL †¢Identifies these requisites as: oMaintenance of sufficient intake of air ,water, food Provision of care assoc with elimination process oBalance between activity and rest, between solitude and social interaction oPrevention of hazards to human life well being and oPromotion of human functioning 2. Developmental sel f care requisites †¢Associated with developmental processes/ derived from a condition†¦. Or associated with an event oE. g. adjusting to a new job oadjusting to body changes 3. Health deviation self care †¢Required in conditions of illness, injury, or disease . these include:– †¢Seeking and securing appropriate medical assistance Being aware of and attending to the effects and results of pathologic conditions †¢Effectively carrying out medically prescribed measures †¢Modifying self concepts in accepting oneself as being in a particular state of health and in specific forms of health care †¢Learning to live with effects of pathologic conditions B. Theory of self care deficit †¢Specifies when nursing is needed †¢Nursing is required when an adult (or in the case of a dependent, the parent) is incapable or limited in the provision of continuous effective self care.Orem identifies 5 methods of helping: oActing for and doing for others o Guiding others oSupporting another oProviding an environment promoting personal development in relation to meet future demands oTeaching another C. Theory of Nursing Systems †¢Describes how the patient’s self care needs will be met by the nurse , the patient, or both †¢Identifies 3 classifications of nursing system to meet the self care requisites of the patient:- †¢Wholly compensatory system †¢Partly compensatory system †¢Supportive – educative system †¢Design and elements of nursing system define Scope of nursing responsibility in health care situations †¢General and specific roles of nurses and patients †¢Reasons for nurses’ relationship with patients and †¢Orem recognized that specialized technologies are usually developed by members of the health profession †¢A technology is systematized information about a process or a method for affecting some desired result through deliberate practical endeavor, with or w ithout use of materials or instruments. Categories of technologies 1. Social or interpersonal †¢Communication adjusted to age, health status Maintaining interpersonal, intra group or inter group relations for coordination of efforts †¢Maintaining therapeutic relationship in light of psychosocial modes of functioning in health and disease †¢Giving human assistance adapted to human needs ,action abilities and limitations 2. Regulatory technologies †¢Maintaining and promoting life processes †¢Regulating psycho physiological modes of functioning in health and disease †¢Promoting human growth and development †¢Regulating position and movement in space OREM’S THEORY AND NURSING PROCESS †¢Nursing process presents a method to determine the self care deficits and hen to define the roles of person or nurse to meet the self care demands. †¢The steps within the approach are considered to be the technical component of the nursing process. †¢Orem emphasizes that the technological component â€Å"must be coordinated with interpersonal and social processes within nursing situations. Nursing Process Orem’s Nursing Process †¢Assessment †¢Diagnosis and prescription; determine why nursing is needed. analyze and interpret –make judgment regarding care †¢Design of a nursing system and plan for delivery of care †¢Production and management of nursing systemsStep 1-collect data in six areas:- †¢The person’s health status †¢The physician’s perspective of the person’s health status †¢The person’s perspective of his or her health †¢The health goals within the context of life history ,life style, and health status †¢The person’s requirements for self care †¢The person’s capacity to perform self care †¢Nursing diagnosis †¢Plans with scientific rationaleStep 2 †¢Nurse designs a system that is wholly or partly compe nsatory or supportive-educative. †¢The 2 actions are:- Bringing out a good organization of the components of patients’ therapeutic self care demands †¢Selection of combination of ways of helping that will be effective and efficient in compensating for/ overcoming patient’s self care deficits †¢Implementation †¢evaluationStep 3 †¢Nurse assists the patient or family in self care matters to achieve identified and described health and health related results. collecting evidence in evaluating results achieved against results specified in the nursing system design †¢Actions are directed by etiology component of nursing diagnosis †¢evaluationApplication of Orem’s theory to nursing process Therapeutic self care demandAdequacy of self care agencyNursing diagnosisMethods of helping Air Maintain effective respiration Water No problem Food maintain sufficient intakeInadequate Adequate InadequatePotential for impaired respiratory status P F fluid imbalance Actual nutritional deficit r/t nauseaGuiding & directing Teaching Providing physical support Hazards Prevent spouse abuse Promotion of normalcyInadequate InadequateP/F injury A/d in environment Shared housingPersonal development Guiding & directing Guiding & directingMaintain developmental environment Support  ¬ed normalcy in environment Prevent /manage dev threatInadequate InadequateActual delay in normal dev. R/T early parenthood Level of education Dev deficit r/t loss of reproductive organsGuiding & directing Providing psy support Providing physical, psy support Maintenance of health status Management of disease process Inadequate InadequateP/F contd. alterations in health status P/F UTIGuiding & directing, teaching Guiding & directing, teaching Adherence to med regimen Awareness of potential problemsInadequate InadequateP/F ? dherence in self catheterization & OPD RT Actual deficit in awareness of advisability of HRT & RT effectsteaching teaching Adjust to los s of reproductive ability & dev healthy view of illness Adjust life style to cope with change Inadequate InadequateActual threat to self image Actual self deficit in planning for future needs Providing psy support Guiding & directing OREM’S WORK AND THE CHARACTERISTICS OF A THEORY †¢Orem's theory ointerrelate concepts in such a way as to create a different way of looking at a particular phenomenon ois logical in nature. ois relatively simple yet generalizable ois basis for hypothesis that can be tested contribute to and assist in increasing the general body of knowledge within the discipline through the research implemented to validate them ocan be used by the practitioners to guide and improve their practice omust be consistent with other validated theories ,laws and principles Strengths †¢Provides a comprehensive base to nursing practice †¢It has utility for professional nursing in the areas of nursing practice nursing curricula ,nursing education administrat ion ,and nursing research †¢Specifies when nursing is needed †¢Her self-care approach is contemporary with the concepts of health promotion and health maintenance Limitations In general system theory a system is viewed as a single whole thing while Orem defines a system as a single whole, thing. †¢Health is often viewed as dynamic and ever changing. †¢The theory is illness oriented. RESEARCH ON OREM'S THEORY 1. Self-care requirements for activity and rest: an Orem nursing focus 2. Nursing diagnoses in patients after heart catheterization–contribution of Orem 3. Self-care–the contribution of nursing sciences to health care 4. Self-care: a foundational science 5. Orem's self-care deficit nursing theory: its philosophic foundation and the state of the science 6. Dorothea E. Orem: thoughts on her theory . Orem's theory in practice. Hospice nursing care 8. Solving the Orem mystery: an educational strategy 9. Orem's family evaluation REFERENCES †¢Ore m, D. E. (1991). Nursing: Concepts of practice (4th ed. ). St. Louis, MO: Mosby-Year Book Inc. †¢Taylor, S. G. (2006). Dorthea E. Orem: Self-care deficit theory of nursing. In A. M. †¢Tomey, A. & Alligood, M. (2002). Significance of theory for nursing as a discipline and profession. Nursing Theorists and their work. Mosby, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America. †¢Whelan, E. G. (1984). Analysis and application of Dorothea Orem’s Self-care Practuce Model.Retrieved October 31, 2006. †¢George B. Julia , Nursing Theories- The base for professional Nursing Practice, 3rd ed. Norwalk, Appleton & Lange. †¢Wills M. Evelyn, McEwen Melanie (2002). Theoretical Basis for Nursing Philadelphia. Lippincott Williams& wilkins. †¢Meleis Ibrahim Afaf (1997) , Theoretical Nursing : Development & Progress 3rd ed. Philadelphia, Lippincott. †¢Taylor Carol,Lillis Carol (2001)The Art & Science Of Nursing Care 4th ed. Philadelphia, Lippincott. †¢Potter A P atricia, Perry G Anne (1992) Fundamentals Of Nursing –Concepts Process & Practice 3rd ed. London Mosby Year Book.

Dec Of Independence Essay English

However, the document does not just serve as a list of misrepresentations and evils done by the King, but it in fact helps to outline an abstract plan of how the people of the colonies should live after secession from the Crown. Jefferson is able to annunciate, within the document, the utter importance of the basic rights all men should have. The Declaration of Independence also helps guide the people away from governments with unchecked power. Jefferson's overarching theme within the document is self- government and he writes with a huge emphasis on State representation.Basic human rights are some of the most controversial topics that the world has ever seen. The Declaration of Independence is no exception. The principles of the document all deal with basic human rights. Jefferson states the King's inhumane decisions and actions against the rights, we the people, ought to have as human beings. Jefferson states that we all have, â€Å"certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness. Jefferson has incredibly strong feelings about people who try to take away our natural rights and he wants to deter the States from being tuck under a government that does not respect those very rights. Not only as people do we have the privilege to these rights, but we also have the duty to preserve them at any cost. Jefferson's statements within the document help to show his true agenda; to offer a reason to change their society so that the people can be free without misrepresentation. Thomas Jefferson proves the importance of rebelling against absolute monarchs within his writing of The Declaration of Independence.He writes of how the King used his power for evil instead of good. For instance, Jefferson states, † He has plundered our seas, ravaged our Coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people. † The people Of the colonies must stand up to the British Empire at any cost to preserve their liberty and fre edom. He puts everything on the table and provides a direction to a system in which States can govern themselves and depend less on a centralized government. Jefferson demands that the people of the colonies are able to live in peace whilst completely represented in terms of taxation, military endeavors, etc.Although at times Jefferson's words seem to sound like he has a literal plan of how the colonies should be governed, in fact, it is a philosophy that does not have to be limited to just those who live in the colonies, but any person or people that feel they have been unfairly or unrightfully governed. His words offer a powerful message that any oppressor, whether a single person or a unified government, needs to be dealt with and should never be allowed to continue with wrath. The only way to entirely get rid of tyrannical or corrupt leaders, kings, etc. is to give the majority of the power to each individual state to self-govern.Jefferson feels above all else that state rights and representation are the most important ideals and values we, as a people, should have. The Declaration of Independence serves as a highly summarized game plan to create a less intrusive and less intensive government that will not unfairly govern the people. The document Serves as a message that the United Colonies are independent and shall govern themselves whether or not the King of Britain agrees. Jefferson demands that States at least have proper representation within a national government if there is to be one.Though, this document is not merely just a plan for a new government, it also serves as something more: an idea that will fuel freedom and a new beginning for the people. Jefferson uses several different means of getting his point across within The Declaration of Independence. He uses harsh examples of evil actions committed by the tyrannical government of Britain. Another example of Jefferson getting his point across is a brand new future he speaks of as well as hat th e States/Colonies could have if they get rid of the British monarch.

Environmental Regulations essays

Environmental Regulations essays There are a number of environmental regulations that are considered too costly. It is important to explore if the economics effects of environmental public policy outweigh the costs. There are a number of arguments both for and against environmental regulations and their cost. While those opposed to these regulations offer proof of their beliefs, those who favor the regulations present compelling facts, both economically and environmentally, for their case. The President's Council on Sustainable Development submitted a recommendation in 1996 for environmental policy changes "aimed to empower individuals and institutions to move rapidly along the path toward sustainability. A major step to that goal is outlined in a report that reiterates the council's conviction that the United States' goal must be to become a zero-waste society (Olson)." The report which is entitled "Sustainable American: A New Consensus for Prosperity, Opportunity, and a Healthy Environment for the Future, calls for wide-ranging changes that would fundamentally alter how the United States solves problems (Olson)." The main concept of the report is the "assumption that social, economic, and environmental problems are inescapably intertwined and must be solved Companies such as the computer chip manufacturer, Intel, are adopting "eco-efficient manufacturing principles which involve redesigning industrial processes to mimic natural ecosystems' recycling of energy and natural resources (Olson)." These companies have found these methods provide economic benefits, while at the same time preserving the Environmental regulations may be deemed costly by opponents, however those in favor have offered scientific and economic proof these regulations are beneficial. These proponents are able to protect the environment as ...

Free Essays on Magpiety

The main idea of my essay is that the speaker in the poem â€Å"Magpiety† by Philip Levine has realized that half of his life has passed, yet he has not yet lived it. A part of my argument is that he feels that he has wasted half of his life because he is sixty-four looking back on thirty-two and wondering why he was rushing. One of the biggest problems that I had at this point in the writing process was that at first, I didn’t have enough evidence to support my thoughts. However, after revising several times, I found the evidence needed. Another problem I had was relating different sections in the poem to one another. There were many lines in the poem that could be interpreted in many different ways and I had to sift through and pick the best suited ones for my topic of argument. The point that I feel I have made successfully is that the man in the poem has not lived life to the fullest. The man noticed that his life was moving fast, and he tried to slow down but had an anxiety attack of some sort. Though we do not necessarily know what it is about, it can be interpreted in many different ways. The question that I would like answered from the reader is what they think about my use of evidence. As I said before, I had trouble coming up with evidence to support my thoughts, while strongly abiding to them. If I was going to start revising, I would focus on the magpie a little bit more, I would consider in depth how the last lines of the poem are significant, and I would go more into how the man hasn’t lived his life to the fullest.... Free Essays on Magpiety Free Essays on Magpiety The main idea of my essay is that the speaker in the poem â€Å"Magpiety† by Philip Levine has realized that half of his life has passed, yet he has not yet lived it. A part of my argument is that he feels that he has wasted half of his life because he is sixty-four looking back on thirty-two and wondering why he was rushing. One of the biggest problems that I had at this point in the writing process was that at first, I didn’t have enough evidence to support my thoughts. However, after revising several times, I found the evidence needed. Another problem I had was relating different sections in the poem to one another. There were many lines in the poem that could be interpreted in many different ways and I had to sift through and pick the best suited ones for my topic of argument. The point that I feel I have made successfully is that the man in the poem has not lived life to the fullest. The man noticed that his life was moving fast, and he tried to slow down but had an anxiety attack of some sort. Though we do not necessarily know what it is about, it can be interpreted in many different ways. The question that I would like answered from the reader is what they think about my use of evidence. As I said before, I had trouble coming up with evidence to support my thoughts, while strongly abiding to them. If I was going to start revising, I would focus on the magpie a little bit more, I would consider in depth how the last lines of the poem are significant, and I would go more into how the man hasn’t lived his life to the fullest....

Discussion post Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 9

Discussion post - Essay Example Some of the popular themes used in DSME include the Health Belief Model and Social Cognitive Theory. The author notes that for text messaging support, the Theory of Planned Behavior and the Health Belief Model were also utilized. However, a systematic review found that the theoretical model used in the DSME programs did not seem to have an effect on the outcomes (Steinbekk et al., 2012). Nevertheless, the Health Belief Model has been utilized both in DSME programs and text messaging support programs. I also agree with the second post by Victoria Ikoro on the management of metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome has become a health crisis, especially in the western industrialized countries. Some of the predisposing factors of this condition include obesity, a sedentary lifestyle, and unhealthy eating habits (De Freitas et al., 2013). Management of metabolic syndrome involves lifestyle modifications to incorporate more physical exercise and maintaining a healthy diet. One of the ways in which the researchers have successfully initiated health behavior change and education include through the use of social and cognitive behavioral theories such as the Health Belief Model, Health Behavior Change Theory and the Social Support Theory. Interventions can use single models or a combination of several. De Freitas Jr, R. W. F., de Araà ºjo, M. F. M., Marinho, N. B. P., de Vasconcelos, H. C. A., Lima, A. C. S., Pereira, D. C. R., & ... Damasceno, M. M. C (2013). Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and its individual components in Brazilian college students.  Journal of Clinical Nursing,  22(9/10), 1291-1298. doi:10.1111/jocn.12015 Steinsbekk, A., Rygg, L., Lisulo, M., Rise, M. B., & Fretheim, A. (2012). Group based diabetes self-management education compared to routine treatment for people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. A systematic review with meta-analysis. BMC health services research, 12(1),

Motivating Arab Americans to Participate in Politics Article

Motivating Arab Americans to Participate in Politics - Article Example Susana Dabaja was the first Arab American to be elected as the president of the City Council of Dearborn City in Michigan. It was in January 2014 that Susana Dabaja and her other fellow Arab Americans i.e. David Bazzy, Robert Abraham and Mike Sareini made the majority of the 7 seat city Council of Dearborn (Elian). In the year 2013, the highest volume of Arab American candidates was seen running the local offices which were never ever seen before in the history of America, thereby breaking ground in their own respective cities in the struggle to win the right to the â€Å"chair†. Currently, Arab Americans who are running offices in Dearborn City Council include Susan Dabaja - who is the president of the Council, Rose Hykel - who holds the position of the tax collector since the year 1997, Robert Alex Abraham who is also serving at the Council from year 2002 and Mike Sareini who is a Councilman. According to the statistics, it can be seen that the number of Arab Americans involved in politics and running offices has drastically increased over the years. If we look through the number of Arab American running offices we can observe that they are quite less in number than the other ethnic groups present in America. The ratio of Arab Americans in American politics is less than many of the other ethnic group’s interests in the American politics. Although the number of Arab Americans has drastically increased after the Iraq War still it is less than many other groups. Therefore there is a need of motivating the Arab Americans to actively take part in politics or at least learn the importance of their vote so that their respective ethnic group is not deprived of their rights.